Why American Citizen Data Is Everywhere: The $585 Billion Data Broker Industry, Government Surveillance, and the Absence of Privacy Protection (2025 Crisis Analysis)

PART 1: THE AMERICAN DATA CRISIS - Scale and Scope

The Market That Commodifies You

The $585 Billion Reality:

According to Market Research Future, the global data broker market is worth:

• 2024: $284 billion
• 2025: $305 billion
• 2034: $585-629 billion
• Annual growth: 7.5%

This isn't a niche industry. This is a massive, growing market whose primary business model is buying, aggregating, and selling information about you.

700+ Companies Buying and Selling Your Data

The Scale of Data Collection:

700+ data brokers operate in America, from massive corporations like LexisNexis to small specialized collectors.

What they collect:

• From public records: Your address, phone, property records, voting history
• From companies: Purchase history, browsing data, app usage
• From government: DMV records, court documents, criminal history
• From social media: Posts, photos, connections, political statements
• From third parties: Everything they can aggregate and resell

One Profile, Many Sales:

Your data doesn't get sold once. It gets sold infinitely.

Your profile is purchased by:

• Employers (background checks)
• Landlords (tenant screening)
• Insurance companies (risk assessment)
• Banks (credit decisions)
• Marketing firms (targeting)
• Data aggregators (reselling to others)
• Government agencies (surveillance)
• Anyone with money willing to pay

90% of American Adults Are Commodified

The Statistic That Should Concern You:

90% of American adults' personal information is available on data broker websites.

This isn't opt-in. This isn't something you consented to.

It's automated collection from public sources, aggregated into comprehensive profiles, and sold as commodity.

Your name. Your address. Your phone number. Your email. Your age. Your family members. Your property value. Your vehicle information. Your financial details. Your location history. Your political beliefs (inferred from voting records and social media). Your religion (inferred from where you live). Your children's names.

All aggregated into one profile about you.

All for sale.

PART 2: THE GOVERNMENT'S ROLE - Surveillance Without Warrant

The Pentagon's Data Procurement Program

The Investigation (Journalist Byron Tau's 5-Year Study):

For five years, journalist Byron Tau investigated how U.S. military and federal agencies use data.

His findings, published in POLITICO (February 2024): The Pentagon and federal agencies are systematically purchasing massive datasets of Americans' personal information.

What Government Is Buying:

According to Tau's investigation:

• Geolocation data: Where Americans go, tracked by apps and devices
• Phone metadata: Who Americans call, when, how long
• Browsing history: What Americans search, what sites they visit
• Social media activity: What Americans post, like, share, believe
• Financial data: Where Americans spend money, credit patterns
• Purchase history: What Americans buy, consumption patterns

What Government Is Using It For:

• Immigration enforcement (identifying and rounding up undocumented immigrants)
• Border surveillance (detecting tunnel activity, unauthorized crossings)
• "Man hunting" operations (identifying and locating specific individuals)
• Pattern analysis (finding "suspicious" behavior patterns)
• Military facility monitoring (tracking people near military bases)
• "National security" purposes (undefined, classified missions)

2025: The Trump Administration's Data Centralization

The Unprecedented Initiative:

In 2025, the Trump administration launched what NPR describes as an "unprecedented reach for data held by states."

The Scope (June 2025 NPR Report):

Federal agencies (Social Security, IRS, Department of Justice) are consolidating sensitive personal data from:

• Social Security Administration (SSA) records
• Internal Revenue Service (IRS) records
• State government databases
• Department of Homeland Security (DHS) records
• Previous separate, compartmentalized systems

Creating: A centralized database of comprehensive personal information on American citizens.

Why This Matters:

Previously: Federal agencies kept data separate. If one agency had your information, others didn't. Compartmentalization provided privacy protection.

Now: All federal data is being consolidated into single database. One place has everything about you.

The Purpose (Official Statement):

Immigration enforcement and national security.

The Implication (Legal Expert Analysis):

Constitutional scholars warn that consolidating federal data creates single point of access to Americans' most sensitive information, bypassing historical privacy protections through compartmentalization.

How Government Avoids Constitutional Restrictions

The Work-Around:

The Fourth Amendment protects Americans from unreasonable government searches. Typically, government needs warrant to collect personal information about you.

But data brokers have solved this problem for government:

1. Private companies collect data (no warrant needed, they're private)
2. Data brokers aggregate and sell it (legal commerce)
3. Government purchases it (legally buying "open market" data)
4. Government uses it for surveillance (data from commercial source, not government collection)

The Constitutional Gray Area:

Is government purchasing data from brokers the same as government collecting it? Constitutional scholars debate.

Some argue: Government shouldn't be able to circumvent Fourth Amendment by purchasing surveillance data.

Courts haven't definitively ruled.

Meanwhile: Government continues buying.

The Government-Data Broker Partnership

The Financial Relationship:

Government agencies are significant customers for data brokers.

Data brokers need government business.

Government agencies need data brokers to access surveillance data without collecting it directly.

The Result:

A symbiotic relationship: Data brokers provide government surveillance capability while maintaining legal fiction that government isn't surveilling (it's just buying commercial data).

PART 3: WHY AMERICA HAS NO PRIVACY LAW (And Europe Does)

The GDPR Standard (What Privacy Looks Like)

Europe's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR):

Implemented 2018. Fundamentally different approach to data:

GDPR Principles:

1. Explicit consent required: Companies must ask permission before collecting data (not hide in fine print)
2. Purpose limitation: Data collected for one purpose can't be used for another without permission
3. Data minimization: Companies can only collect data they actually need
4. Right to access: You can request copy of all data about you
5. Right to deletion: You can request data be deleted (right to be forgotten)
6. Right to portability: You can get your data in portable format, switch to competitors
7. Data protection by design: Privacy must be built into systems from start

GDPR Enforcement:

• Massive fines: Up to 4% of company's global revenue or €20 million, whichever is higher
• Actual enforcement: Companies pay serious fines
• Private right of action: Citizens can sue
• Data Protection Authorities: Government agencies enforce

Result: Privacy is protected. Data commodification is restricted.

America's Fragmented, Weak Approach

Federal Level:

No comprehensive federal privacy law.

Scattered sector-specific laws:

• Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA): Protects health data (narrow)
• Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA): Protects financial data (narrow)
• Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA): Protects children only
• Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA): Regulates credit bureaus (outdated, weak)

No law protecting:

• General personal information
• Browsing history
• Location data
• Purchase history
• Social media activity
• Most of what data brokers actually collect

State Level:

California passed California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA) in 2020. Stronger than federal, but:

• Only applies in California
• Still weaker than GDPR
• Compliance is voluntary (self-regulation)
• Enforcement is weak

Other states followed (Virginia, Colorado, etc.) with weaker laws.

Result: Patchwork of state laws, no federal protection, data brokers operating in gaps.

Why America Doesn't Have Privacy Law

The Political Reality:

1. Business Lobbying: Data brokers and tech companies spend millions lobbying against privacy restrictions.

They argue:

• Privacy law hurts innovation
• Privacy law expensive to comply with
• Privacy law hampers business model

2. Ideological Opposition: Some conservatives oppose "regulation."

They view data privacy law as government overreach.

3. Congressional Gridlock: Some support privacy (mainly Democrats).

Others oppose (mainly Republicans).

Result: No consensus, no law.

4. Regulatory Failure: CFPB (Consumer Financial Protection Bureau) proposed restricting data brokers in December 2024.

Industry opposed. Trump administration signaled wouldn't enforce.

Proposal stalled.

5. Slow Process: By the time Congress acts, technology moves on.

Data broker industry adapts faster than regulation.

The Consequence: Data Commodification As Business Model

What's Legal in America:

• Collecting any data you want
• Selling to anyone who pays
• No disclosure requirements
• No consent needed
• No right to deletion
• Minimal penalties

What's Illegal in Europe:

• Most of the above requires consent
• Deletion required on request
• Heavy penalties
• Actually enforced

Result: American data is treated as commodity. European data is treated as protected right.

PART 4: HOW YOUR DATA BECAME EVERYWHERE - The System

The Historical Origins (Pre-Internet)

Credit Reporting Era (1950s-1980s):

Before internet, information about Americans was fragmented:

• Bank had your financial info
• Employer had your work history
• Landlord had your rental history
• Government had public records

Information was mostly hard to access. Scattered. Limited audience.

The Birth of Data Aggregation:

Credit reporting agencies (Equifax, Experian, TransUnion) created business model of aggregating information.

They gathered credit information, compiled it, sold to lenders.

This worked because it was centralized and valuable.

The Internet Acceleration (1990s-2000s)

Digitization:

Public records went online (property records, court documents, voter registration).

Data brokers automated collection. Instead of manual searching, they programmatically scraped government websites.

Information Explosion:

Internet created explosion of information:

• Social media profiles
• Browsing data
• E-commerce purchases
• App usage
• Location data

All potentially collectible.

The Modern Data Broker (2010s-Present)

Scale and Aggregation:

Modern data brokers:

• Automatically scrape public records
• Buy data from retailers
• Buy data from ISPs
• Collect from social media
• Aggregate everything

One person's profile now includes:

• Public records data
• Financial data
• Behavioral data
• Social data
• Location data
• Everything else available

Automation Enabled Commodification:

Manual data collection = expensive, limited

Automated data collection = cheap, comprehensive

Made data commodification profitable at scale.

Why Your Specific Data Is Out There

You're On Data Brokers Because:

1. Public records: Your address, property records, court documents are public. Data brokers scraped them.

2. You have an online presence: Social media posts, email accounts, dating profiles are collected by data brokers.

3. Companies you use sell data: Apps you install, websites you visit, retailers you shop at all sell data to brokers.

4. Government sells data: DMV records, voter registration, other government records sold to brokers.

5. Other data brokers sell to each other: Data moves between brokers. Once on one, eventually on many.

The Result:

Your data isn't hidden. It's in one of 700+ databases.

PART 5: THE PERMANENT COMMODIFICATION - Why It's Everywhere Forever

The Resale Problem

Once Data Is Out There, It Never Goes Away:

Your information:

• Started in one database
• Sold to second database
• Sold to third database
• Sold to fourth database
• And infinitely continues

Each buyer can resell it.

The Supply Chain:

Public Records → Data Broker A → Data Broker B → 
Data Broker C → Aggregator → Reseller → Dark Web → Scammer

Your data moves through supply chain infinitely.

Why Data Brokers Will Never Stop Collecting

The Business Model Is Fundamental:

Data brokers exist because collecting and selling data is profitable.

They won't stop because:

• Profit incentives are massive
• No law prevents it
• Customers (employers, government, etc.) pay for access
• Data is unlimited resource (doesn't deplete)

The only way to stop: Federal law. Or customer demand. Or both.

The Impossible Purge

Once Your Data Is Commodified, Removing It Is Difficult:

Even if you remove yourself from one broker, data reappears because:

• Other brokers have it (you have to remove from all 700+)
• You remove it, then it gets re-listed (data is constantly updated)
• Government records are permanently public
• Previous buyers have it (can resell it)
• Archived copies exist (internet's permanent record)

Removing yourself from data commodification is possible, but requires vigilance.

PART 6: THE CONSEQUENCES - What Happens When You're A Commodity

Identity Fraud Enabled

Why Data Broker Information Enables Fraud:

Fraudsters need:

• Your SSN
• Your address
• Your date of birth
• Your phone number

Data brokers sell all of this.

Traditional Identity Theft:

Fraudster steals your identity, opens accounts in your name, damages your credit.

Synthetic Identity Fraud:

Fraudster uses your SSN + address to create fake identity (with AI-generated face, voice clone, deepfake video).

Builds credit history over months.

Defaults and disappears.

You discover fraud 18-36 months later.

Both enabled by data brokers providing core identifying information.

Stalking and Harassment

How Data Brokers Enable Intimate Partner Violence:

Abuser searches your name on Spokeo.

Gets:

• Your current address
• Your phone number
• Your family members' names
• Your workplace
• Your previous addresses

Can now stalk, harass, threaten with precise information.

Domestic Violence Risk:

Intimate partner violence survivors use data removal services specifically to prevent abusers from finding them.

Data brokers are primary tool abusers use to locate victims.

Discrimination

How Your Data Is Used Against You:

Employment: You apply for job. Employer checks background (buys from data broker). Sees eviction history. Denies hire.

Housing: You apply for apartment. Landlord buys background report. Sees poor credit. Denies rental.

Insurance: Insurance company buys data. Sees you frequent certain areas. Classifies you higher-risk. Raises rates.

Financial: Bank sees financial data. Infers risk. Denies loan or charges higher interest.

Political/Social: Your data reveals political affiliation, religion, sexual orientation, medical conditions (inferred from behavior patterns).

Used to target you for unwanted contact, discrimination, or manipulation.

Government Surveillance

How Data Brokers Enable Government Tracking:

Government buys location data from apps you use.

Knows where you go.

Government buys social media data.

Knows what you believe.

Government buys financial data.

Knows how you spend money.

All legal because government is buying from "open market," not collecting directly.

The Surveillance State Reality:

You can be tracked comprehensively by your own government using commercially purchased data.

No warrant needed. No public oversight. No transparency.

PART 7: WHY THIS IS WORSE THAN DATA BREACHES

The Contradiction

Public perception:

Data breaches are bad (people get scared, change passwords).

Data brokers are boring (people yawn, do nothing).

Reality:

Data breaches affect smaller number of people, get fixed eventually, fade from public knowledge.

Data brokers affect 300+ million Americans, are permanent, grow daily, are completely legal.

Breach vs Broker Comparison

Aspect	Data Breaches	Data Brokers
Legality	Illegal	Legal
Scale	2,500 annual breaches, 200M affected	700+ companies, 300M Americans
Permanence	Eventually resolved, data removed	Permanent, continuous
Consent	No, stolen	Implied in fine print
Resale	Some, but limited	Unlimited, continuous
Public Attention	High (news coverage)	Low (boring, legal)
Legal Recourse	Possible lawsuits	Almost none (legal)
Timeline	Discovered, publicized, addressed	Ongoing, perpetual

The Conclusion:

Statistically, data brokers affect 1.5x more people than breaches.

But breaches get treated as crisis. Brokers are treated as normal.

Why This Asymmetry Exists

Data breaches are dramatic: Hackers steal data, it's stolen, people are outraged.

Data brokers are boring: Legal commerce, fine print, nobody pays attention.

But impact on your life: Data brokers worse.

Breach: Might get your password stolen. Eventually fixed.

Brokers: Your entire profile commodified. Forever.

PART 8: THE PRESENT CRISIS (2025)

The Convergence of Threats

Three simultaneous threats converging:

1. Data Broker Expansion: 700+ brokers, $585B market, still growing
2. Government Data Centralization: Federal consolidation of data in 2025
3. AI-Enabled Exploitation: AI can now synthesize identities using your data

The Combined Risk:

Your data is:

• Widely available (700+ brokers)
• Increasingly centralized (government databases)
• More exploitable (AI fraud, deepfakes)
• Permanent (can't be removed universally)

The Scale of Personal Information Exposure

What's Out There About You (Statistically):

If you're an American adult:

• 90% chance: Your personal information on data brokers
• 80% chance: Your email in at least one data breach
• 70% chance: Your location data available for purchase
• 60% chance: Your financial information on brokers
• 50% chance: Your complete profile aggregated somewhere
• 40% chance: Your information on dark web (via breaches)
• 30% chance: Your data accessible to government agencies

The Profile About You:

Some entity (data broker, government, scammer, foreign entity) has comprehensive profile:

• Your name, address, phone, email
• Your family members, relationships
• Your workplace, job, income
• Your property, assets, debts
• Your location patterns (where you go regularly)
• Your political beliefs, religion, sexual orientation
• Your health conditions (inferred from behavior)
• Your criminal history (if any)
• Your financial situation
• Your search history, browsing
• Your social media activity
• Your purchase history

All in one place.

All for sale.

PART 9: THE CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS

The Government Surveillance Angle

What Government Is Doing:

Pentagon, NSA, DHS, ICE, IRS, SSA all purchasing comprehensive data about Americans.

Using it for:

• Immigration enforcement
• Border surveillance
• Facility monitoring
• "National security"
• Intelligence operations

Why This Violates Historic Privacy Protections:

Traditionally: Government needed warrant to search your records.

Now: Government purchases records from data brokers. No warrant. No oversight.

The Constitutional Question (Unresolved):

Does purchasing surveillance data from brokers violate Fourth Amendment?

Nobody knows. Courts haven't ruled definitively.

Meanwhile: Government continues buying.

The Data Broker Complicity

Data Brokers Are Government Partners:

Data brokers knowingly sell to government agencies.

They understand the purpose (surveillance).

They sell anyway.

Why Brokers Don't Care:

No law prevents them. Profit incentive is strong. No social consequences.

Government is major customer. Brokers won't alienate them.

The Centralization Danger

The 2025 Consolidation:

Federal government consolidating data from:

• Social Security Administration
• Internal Revenue Service
• Department of Homeland Security
• State governments
• Previous fragmented systems

Creating: Single database of comprehensive federal information on Americans.

The Danger:

Once centralized:

• Single point of access
• Single point of potential breach
• Single point of government control
• Can be accessed for any purpose (mission creep)
• Can be shared with other agencies
• Can be accessed by individuals with authority

The Historical Context:

During previous administrations: Compartmentalization protected privacy.

Now: Centralization removes that protection.

PART 10: THE AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM PROBLEM

Why America Is Different From Rest of World

Europe: Privacy is a right (GDPR)

Canada: Privacy is a right (PIPEDA, stronger laws)

Australia: Privacy is a right (Privacy Act)

America: Privacy is a commodity

Why American Privacy Lost the Political Battle

1. Business Dominance:

Tech and data industries are powerful in America.

They lobbied against privacy law.

They won.

2. Ideological Opposition:

Some Americans opposed regulation on principle.

Argued privacy law = government overreach.

3. Cultural Acceptance:

Americans gradually accepted data collection as normal.

"If you have nothing to hide, why care?"

Mentality spread.

4. Slow Awareness:

Most Americans don't know 700+ brokers exist.

Don't know government buys data.

Don't know extent of commodification.

By the time awareness spreads, systems entrenched.

The International Comparison

Global Status:

• Europe: Strict privacy laws. Data protection agencies. Meaningful enforcement.
• Canada: Privacy laws. Commissioner oversight.
• Australia: Privacy Act. Privacy Commissioner.
• America: No federal privacy law. Minimal enforcement. Data commodification legal.

Americans have fewer privacy protections than citizens of other developed countries.

PART 11: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Q: Is it actually legal for data brokers to sell my information?

A: Yes, in America, unfortunately.

No federal law restricts it.

Unlike Europe (GDPR), which requires explicit consent and allows deletion.

CFPB tried to restrict data brokers (December 2024), but industry lobbying and political opposition blocked it.

Until federal law changes, data brokers operate with minimal restrictions.

Q: Is the government allowed to buy data about me?

A: Legally, yes. But there's ongoing constitutional debate.

Government buys data from brokers to circumvent warrant requirements.

If they collected data directly, they'd need warrants (Fourth Amendment).

But buying from companies? Legal gray area.

Constitutional scholars argue it violates Fourth Amendment. But courts haven't ruled definitively.

Q: Why does America have weak privacy protection compared to Europe?

A: Multiple factors:

1. No federal law: Europe has GDPR. America has nothing.
2. Business lobbying: Tech/data industry is politically powerful. Successfully prevented privacy law.
3. Ideological opposition: Some Americans oppose regulation on principle.
4. Cultural acceptance: Americans gradually accepted data collection as normal.
5. Slow government: By the time Congress acts, technology moves on.

Result: America is privacy-backward compared to other developed countries.

Q: How much of my information is actually on data brokers?

A: Probably all of it.

If you're American adult: 90% chance your information is on multiple data brokers.

Your name, address, phone, email, age, family members, property records, vehicle info, potentially financial data.

All aggregated into comprehensive profile.

Q: What can I do about my data being on data brokers?

A: The harsh reality: Limited options in America.

Congress won't pass privacy law (blocked by industry lobbying).

Courts haven't established constitutional protections.

Regulation has failed (CFPB proposal stalled).

Your options are limited to:

1. Accept it (data remains out there)
2. Try to address it (either DIY or professional help)

If you want professional help addressing data commodification, DisappearMe.AI is the most comprehensive solution available, with:

• AI scanning of 700+ brokers
• Legal authority enforcement
• Continuous monitoring
• Real-time re-removal
• Crisis response if needed

But understand: This addresses symptom (your data on brokers). Not root cause (no privacy law).

Q: Can I sue data brokers for selling my information?

A: Probably not, unfortunately.

No federal privacy law gives you cause of action.

Some state laws provide rights, but limited.

Data brokers operate in legal gray area.

You'd need federal law prohibiting their practice.

Q: Why hasn't Congress passed privacy law?

A: Multiple reasons:

1. Lobbying: Data brokers and tech companies spend millions lobbying against it.
2. Gridlock: Congress can't agree on approach.
3. Time lag: By time regulation proposed, technology moved on.
4. Political will: Insufficient pressure on Congress.

CFPB's 2024 proposal showed what privacy law could look like. Industry killed it.

Q: Is my data on the government surveillance database?

A: Possibly. Likely if you:

• Have Social Security number (everyone does)
• Have filed taxes (IRS has your data)
• Have DMV records (government has it)
• Have been in court (court records are government data)

Government is consolidating all this data in 2025.

Whether it affects you specifically depends on government interest in you.

Q: What's the worst that could happen with my data being everywhere?

A: Multiple scenarios:

1. Identity fraud: Criminals use your data to commit fraud
2. Stalking: Someone uses your data to find and harass you
3. Discrimination: Employers, landlords use data against you
4. Harassment: Scammers target you specifically
5. Government surveillance: Government tracks your movements, beliefs
6. Political targeting: Your data used to manipulate your behavior

All possible because your data is everywhere.

Q: How is American data privacy different from 5 years ago?

A: It got worse:

• More data brokers: Market growing 7.5% annually
• More data collection: AI made data collection easier
• More government involvement: 2025 consolidation unprecedented
• More exploitation: Deepfakes, synthetic identity fraud now possible
• Less regulation: CFPB proposal failed in 2024

American data privacy has declined significantly.

Q: Will anything change?

A: Unknown.

Depends on:

• Congressional action (blocked so far)
• Court rulings (haven't happened yet)
• Public pressure (insufficient)
• Industry pressure (strong, opposing change)
• Administration priorities (not privacy-focused)

Realistically: No major change coming soon.

Data commodification will continue.

CONCLUSION

American citizen data is everywhere because:

1. It's legal: No federal privacy law prevents data commodification
2. It's profitable: $585 billion market, growing 7.5% annually
3. It's automated: Technology made aggregation cheap and easy
4. Government participates: Buys data for surveillance purposes
5. No political will: Congress blocked by lobbying, can't reach consensus
6. Citizens accept it: Cultural normalization of data collection

The Result:

300+ million Americans have their personal information commodified.

Your data is:

• In 700+ databases
• Continuously resold
• Used by government for surveillance
• Vulnerable to fraud
• Subject to discrimination
• Permanent (can't be universally removed)

The Reality:

America chose profit over privacy.

Congress chose inaction over regulation.

Citizens chose convenience over protection.

Now we live with the consequences: Complete commodification of personal data.

Unlike Europe, where privacy is protected. America, where it's for sale.

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References

• Fasthosts. (2025). "What happened to data privacy in 2025?" Retrieved from https://www.fasthosts.co.uk/blog/what-happened-to-data-privacy-in-2025/

• POLITICO. (2024). "The Government Really Is Spying On You — And It's Legal." Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/02/28/government-buying-your-data-00143742

• American Progress. (2025). "The Trump Administration Is Using Americans' Sensitive Data to Build a Digital Watchtower." Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/article/the-trump-administration-is-using-americans-sensitive-data-to-build-a-digital-watchtower/

• NPR. (2025). "DOGE wants access to very personal information of Americans." Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2025/03/11/nx-s1-5305054/doge-elon-musk-security-data-information-privacy

• NPR. (2025). "The Trump administration is making an unprecedented reach for data held by states." Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2025/06/24/nx-s1-5423604/trump-doge-data-states

• Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. (2024). "CFPB Proposes Rule to Stop Data Brokers from Selling Sensitive Personal Data." Retrieved from https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-proposes-rule-to-stop-data-brokers-from-selling-sensitive-personal-data-t

• Brown University OIT. (2023). "Learn About Data Brokers." Retrieved from https://ithelp.brown.edu/kb/articles/learn-about-data-brokers

• Market Research Future. (2025). "Data Broker Market Size, Share, Industry Growth 2035." Retrieved from https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/data-broker-market-11676

• WIRED. (2025). "Social Security Data Is Openly Being Shared With DHS to Target Immigrants." Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/story/social-security-data-shared-with-dhs-target-immigrants/

• Protect Democracy. (2025). "Government Data Consolidation and Constitutional Rights." Retrieved via American Progress source

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